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Grammar

Verb type 3

Updated 19 September 20263 min readA1

Type 3 holds the most important verb in the language, olla (to be), and the verbs of movement you use every day: tulla (to come), mennä (to go), olla, opiskella (to study), ajatella (to think), nousta (to get up), pestä (to wash), kuunnella (to listen), kävellä (to walk), juosta (to run).

How to recognise type 3

The infinitive ends in -la/-lä, -na/-nä, -ra/-rä or -sta/-stä: tulla, mennä, purra, nousta, pestä. Two consonants, then a or ä.

The stem: add an e

Remove the last two letters, then add -e-:

Infinitive Remove Add e minä
tulla tul- tule- tulen
mennä men- mene- menen
nousta nous- nouse- nousen
opiskella opiskel- opiskele- opiskelen
pestä pes- pese- pesen

Then the usual endings. The hän form doubles the e: tulee, menee, nousee.

Person tulla mennä opiskella
minä tulen menen opiskelen
sinä tulet menet opiskelet
hän tulee menee opiskelee
me tulemme menemme opiskelemme
te tulette menette opiskelette
he tulevat menevät opiskelevat

Reverse gradation

Type 3 verbs with k, p, t gradate the opposite way from type 1. The infinitive is weak and every personal form is strong:

Infinitive (weak) minä (strong) hän (strong)
ajatella ajattelen ajattelee
kuunnella kuuntelen kuuntelee
työskennellä työskentelen työskentelee
harjoitella harjoittelen harjoittelee
suositella suosittelen suosittelee

Because all six personal forms are strong, you only need to learn one stem. The weak grade returns only in forms built on the infinitive: the passive (ajatellaan), the te imperative (ajatelkaa) and the past participle (ajatellut).

Olla, the irregular one

present past conditional
minä olen olin olisin
sinä olet olit olisit
hän on oli olisi
me olemme olimme olisimme
te olette olitte olisitte
he ovat olivat olisivat

Negative: en ole, ei ole, emme ole. Spoken: mä oon, sä oot, se on, me ollaan, te ootte, ne on.

The negative, the past and the rest

Type 3 verbs to learn first

olla · tulla · mennä · opiskella · ajatella · nousta · kuunnella · kävellä · pestä · työskennellä

Test yourself

Frequently asked questions

Where does the e in tulen come from?

Type 3 verbs lose the last two letters of the infinitive (tulla → tul-) and add -e- before the personal endings. Tulen, tulet, tulee, tulemme, tulette, tulevat. The e disappears again in the past tense (tulin) and the conditional (tulisin).

Why is ajatella conjugated ajattelen with a double t?

Type 3 verbs gradate the other way round from type 1. The infinitive has the weak grade (ajatella) and every personal form has the strong grade (ajattelen, ajattelet, ajattelee). The same happens with kuunnella → kuuntelen and työskennellä → työskentelen.

Is olla a type 3 verb?

Yes, but it is irregular in the present tense: olen, olet, on, olemme, olette, ovat. The past tense (olin, oli) and conditional (olisin) are regular.