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Grammar

Vowel harmony

Updated 19 September 20263 min readA1

Every Finnish ending comes in two flavours. Talossa but kylässä. Puhuvat but kysyvät. Onko but eikö. The choice is not random and you never have to guess: the vowels already in the word decide.

The two groups

Back vowels Front vowels Neutral
a, o, u ä, ö, y e, i

A native Finnish word contains vowels from only one of the first two groups. e and i are neutral and can appear with either.

The rule

Look at the vowels of the word (not the ending). If it has a, o or u, use the back ending. If it has ä, ö or y, or only e and i, use the front ending.

Ending Back Front
inessive -ssa: talossa, koulussa -ssä: kylässä, työssä, kielessä
elative -sta: kaupasta -stä: metsästä
adessive -lla: pöydällä? no: pöytä is front → pöydällä -llä: pöydällä, kädellä
partitive -a: taloa, kahvia -ä: leipää, kieltä
3rd person plural -vat: puhuvat, asuvat -vät: kysyvät, syövät
question -ko: onko, tuletko -kö: eikö, näetkö
past participle -nut: puhunut -nyt: kysynyt, syönyt
imperative plural -kaa: tulkaa -kää: menkää, syökää

Compound words

The last part of a compound decides: työ is front and paikka is back, so työpaikka → työpaikassa. Kirja is back and kauppa is back, so kirjakauppa → kirjakaupassa. Sähkö is front and posti is neutral, so sähköposti → sähköpostissa: only e, i and the back o of posti... wait, posti has o, which is back, so sähköpostissa is correct with the back ending.

Loanwords

Recent loanwords sometimes mix groups. Finns then look at the last vowel that is not e or i: olympialaiset → olympialaisissa, analyysi → analyysiä (front, because of the y). If you get it wrong nobody will misunderstand you; this is a detail, not a barrier.

Why it matters for you

You need vowel harmony every time you add an ending, which is every sentence. The good news is that it becomes automatic within weeks, because your ear rejects kylässa the same way it rejects a wrong note.

Frequently asked questions

What is vowel harmony?

A Finnish word contains either back vowels (a, o, u) or front vowels (ä, ö, y), never both, and e and i can appear with either group. Every ending has two versions, one for each group. Talossa but kylässä, puhuvat but kysyvät, onko but eikö.

What about words with only e and i?

They take the front-vowel endings. Kielessä, tiellä, meressä, pieni → pientä.

How do compound words work?

The last part decides. Työpaikka contains front vowels in työ and back vowels in paikka, and its endings follow paikka, so työpaikassa.